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Cryptothecia rubrocincta
''Cryptothecia rubrocincta'' is a species of lichen in the Arthoniaceae family of fungi. The species is distributed in subtropical and tropical locations throughout the southeastern United States, as well as Central and South America, and has been collected infrequently in a few locales in Africa. The body of the lichen forms continuous, circular crust-like patches on dead wood, readily recognizable by the prominent red pigment. The older, central region is covered with red, spherical to cylindrical granules. Moving outwards from the center, zones of color may be distinguished, the first gray-green, the second white, and finally a bright red cottony rim. The red and green colors of this unmistakable woodland lichen give the appearance of a Christmas wreath, suggestive of its common North American name, the Christmas wreath lichen. The red pigment, called chiodectonic acid, is one of several chemicals the lichen produces to help tolerate inhospitable growing conditions.
==Taxonomy and naming==
The classification of the genus ''Cryptothecia'' has been unclear, and historically, ''C. rubrocincta'' has been placed in several different genera. Like all lichens, ''C. rubrocincta'' is an association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic organism (the photobiont), in this case, an algae. Initially, it was unknown whether the mycobiont component of ''C. rubrocincta'' was an ascomycete or a basidiomycete. Although the vast majority of lichen mycobionts are from the Ascomycota, in 1937 German lichenogist Friedrich Tobler believed the mycobiont to be a basidiomycete, because he interpreted some unusual microscopic structures to be clamp connections,〔 structures associated only with the basidiomycete fungi. In another publication later that year, he specified the mycobiont to be a hymenomycete, and described the monotypic genus ''Herpothallion'' to supersede the old name ''Chiodecton sanguineum''.〔 Although Vernon Ahmadjian corroborated the presence of clamp connections in the species when he studied the species' cytology in 1967,〔 other researchers did not find clamp connections in specimens collected from different countries.〔〔 Further doubt was cast on the possibility of a basidiomycete mycobiont with the discovery of the depside confluentic acid in 1966,〔 concentric bodies in 1975,〔 and woronin bodies in 1983,〔 as all of these characteristics are restricted to Ascomycetes.
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature states that names of fungi adopted by Fries in Systema Mycologicum vols. 1–3 are sanctioned, that is, they are conserved against earlier homonyms and competing synonyms. This means that the name ''Hypochnus rubrocinctum'' has priority over ''Byssus sanguinea''. The type material of ''H. rubrocinctum'' was examined by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in Berlin; it has since been destroyed, probably during the Second World War. The drawing in Erhenberg's 1820 publication serves as the lectotype. The species was transferred to the genus ''Cryptothecia'' by Swedish lichenologist Göran Thor in 1991, on the basis of its similarity with ''C. striata'' such as the thallus with radiate ridges, granular isidia, and presence of ''para''-depsides (gyrophoric acid in ''C. striata'' and confluentic acid in ''C. rubrocincta'').〔
The red and green of ''C. rubrocincta'' give it a Christmas wreath look, hence its common North American name, the Christmas wreath lichen.〔 The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words ''ruber'' "red" and ''cinctus'' "girdled/encircled" or "banded". The other epithet ''sanguineum'' is the neuter form of the Latin adjective ''sanguineus'' "bloody".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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